Abdul-Aziz bin Abdurrahman AL-Saud
عبد العزيزبن عبدالرحمن بن فيصل آل سعود

King of Saudi Arabia
King of Nejd and Hejaz



King of Saudi Arabia

Reign

14 August 1932 – 9 November 1953
(&1000000000000002100000021 years, &1000000000000008700000087 days)

Predecessor

Himself as King of Nejd and Hejaz

Successor

Saud

King of Nejd and Hejaz

Reign

8 January 1926 – 23 September 1932
(&100000000000000060000006 years, &10000000000000259000000259 days)

Successor

Himself as King of Saudi Arabia

Issue

Prince Turki of Najd
King Saud
King Faisal
Prince Muhammad
King Khalid
Prince Nasr
Prince Saad
King Fahd
Prince Mansur
Prince Bandar
Prince Musa'id
King Abdullah
Prince Mishaal
Prince Sultan
Prince Abdul-Muhsin
Prince Majed
Prince Abdul-Rahman
Prince Mutaib
Prince Talal
Prince Badr
Prince Nawwaf
Crown Prince Nayef
Prince Turki the Sudairi
Prince Fawwaz
Prince Abdulillah
Prince Salman
Prince Ahmed
Prince Mamdouh
Prince Abdul-Majeed
Prince Sattam
Prince Muqrin
Princess Al-Bandari
Princess Sultana
Princess Luluwah
Prince Hamoud

Prince Muhammad Saim Zaka
Princess Huzza
Princess Haya
Princess Seeta

Full name

Abdul-Aziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Saud

House

House of Saud

Father

Abdul-Rahman bin Faisal

Born

1876
Riyadh, Second Saudi State

Died

9 November 1953 (aged 77)
Saudi Arabia

Religion

Sunni Islam (Salafi)





This article contains Arabic text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined. Without properrendering support, you may see unjoined Arabic letters written left-to-right instead of right-to-left or other symbols instead ofArabic script.

King Abdul-Aziz of Saudi Arabia (1876[1] – 9 November 1953) (Arabic: عبد العزيز آل سعود‎ ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Āl Su‘ūd) was the first monarch of Saudi Arabia, the third Saudi State.[2] He was usually called Ibn Saud in English-speaking countries.[3]
Beginning with the reconquest of his family's ancestral home city of Riyadh in 1902, he consolidated his control over the Najd in 1922, then conquered the Hijaz in 1925. Having conquered almost all of central Arabia, he united his dominions into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. As King, he presided over the discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia in 1938 and the beginning of large-scale oil exploitation after World War II. He was the father of many children, including all of the subsequent kings of Saudi Arabia.

Contents

[hide]

1 Early life
2 Rise to power
3 Oil and the rule of Ibn Saud
4 Foreign wars
5 Later years
6 Family
6.1 Relations with family members
7 Views
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
[edit] Early life

Abdul-Aziz was born in 1876 in Riyadh, in the region of Najd in central Arabia.
In 1890, the Al Rashid conquered Riyadh. Abdul-Aziz was 14 at the time. He and his family initially took refuge with the Al-Murrah, a Bedouin tribe in the southern desert of Saudi Arabia. Later, the Al Sauds moved to Kuwait.
Abdul-Aziz lived with his family in a simple dwelling. His primary occupation, and the family's sole source of income, was undertaking raids in the Najd. He also attended the daily majlis of the emir of Kuwait, Mubarak Al-Sabah, from whom he learned the art of statecraft.[citation needed]
In the spring of 1901, he and some relatives – including a half-brother, Mohammed, and several cousins – set out on a raiding expedition into the Najd, targeting for the most part tribes associated with the Rashidis. As the raid proved profitable, it attracted more participants. The raiders' numbers peaked at over 200, though these numbers dwindled over the ensuing months.[citation needed]
In the fall, the group made camp in the Yabrin oasis. While observing Ramadan, he decided to attack Riyadh and retake it from the Al Rashidi. On the night of 15 January 1902, he led 40 men over the walls of the city on tilted palm trees and took the city. [4] The Rashidi governor of the city, Ajlan, was killed in front of the gate to his own fortress. The Saudi recapture of the city marked the beginning of the Third Saudi State.

[edit] Rise to power

Following the capture of Riyadh, many former supporters of the House of Saud rallied to Ibn Saud's call to arms. He was a charismatic leader and kept his men supplied with arms. Over the next two years, he and his forces recaptured almost half of the Najd from the Rashidis.
In 1904, Ibn Rashid appealed to the Ottoman Empire for military protection and assistance. The Ottomans responded by sending troops into Arabia. On 15 June 1904, Ibn Saud's forces suffered a major defeat at the hands of the combined Ottoman and Rashidi forces.[citation needed] His forces regrouped and began to wage guerrilla warfare against the Ottomans. Over the next two years he was able to disrupt their supply routes, forcing them to retreat.
He completed his conquest of the Najd and the eastern coast of Arabia in 1912. He then founded the Ikhwan, a military-religious brotherhood which was to assist in his later conquests, with the approval of local Salafi ulema. In the same year, he instituted an agrarian policy to settle the nomadic pastoralist bedouins into colonies, and to dismantle their tribal organizations in favor of allegiance to the Ikhwan.[citation needed]
During World War I the British government established diplomatic relations with Ibn Saud. The British agent, Captain William Shakespear, was well received by the Bedouin.[5] Similar diplomatic missions were established with any Arabian power who might have been able to unify and stabilize the region. The British entered into a treaty in December 1915 (the "Treaty of Darin") which made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate and attempted to define the boundaries of the developing Saudi state.[6] In exchange, Ibn Saud pledged to again make war against Ibn Rashid, who was an ally of the Ottomans.
Shakespear died at the Battle of Jarrab. He was followed by St John Philby in 1917 seconded by the British India Office. The British Foreign Office had previously begun to support Sharif Hussein bin Ali, Emir of the Hejaz by seconding Lawrence of Arabia in 1915. The Saudi Ikhwan began conflict with Emir Feisal also in 1917 just as his sons Abdullah and Feisal entered Damascus. The Treaty of Darin remained in effect until superseded by the Jeddah conference of 1927 and the Dammam conference of 1952 during both of which Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud extended his boundaries past the Anglo-Ottoman Blue Line. After Darin, he stockpiled the weapons and supplies with which the British provided him,[citation needed] including a 'tribute' of (£5,000 Sterling per month). After World War One he received further support from the British, including a glut of surplus munitions. He launched his campaign against the Al Rashidi in 1920; by 1922 they had been all but destroyed.
The defeat of the Al Rashidi increased the size of Saudi territory twofold. This allowed Ibn Saud the leverage to negotiate a new and more favorable treaty with the British. Their treaty, signed at Uqair in 1922, saw Britain recognize many of his territorial gains.[citation needed] In exchange, Ibn Saud agreed to recognize British territories in the area, particularly along the Persian Gulf coast and in Iraq. The former of these were vital to the British, as merchant traffic between British India and England depended upon coaling stations on the approach to theSuez Canal.
In 1925 the forces of Ibn Saud captured the holy city of Mecca from Sharif Hussein bin Ali, ending 700 years of Hashemite rule. On 10 January 1926, Ibn Saud proclaimed himself King of the Hejaz in the Great Mosque at Mecca. On 20 May 1927, the British government signed the Treaty of Jeddah, which abolished the Darin protection agreement and recognized the independence of the Hejaz and Najd with Ibn Saud as its ruler.
With international recognition and support, Ibn Saud continued to consolidate his power, eventually conquering nearly all of the central Arabian Peninsula. However, the alliance between the Ikhwan and the Al Saud collapsed when Ibn Saud forbade further raiding; the remaining territories all had treaties with London. This didn't sit well with the Ikwhan, who had been taught that all non-Wahhabis were infidels. Tensions finally boiled over when the Ikwhan rebelled in 1927. After two years of fighting, they were suppressed by Ibn Saud in the Battle of Sabilla in March 1929.
On 14 August 1932, Ibn Saud united his dominions into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with himself as its king.
Ibn Saud had to first eliminate the right of his own father in order to rule, and then distance and contain the ambitions of his five brothers - particularly his oldest brother Muhammad who fought with him during the battles and conquests that had given birth to the state.[7]

[edit] Oil and the rule of Ibn Saud

Oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1938 by American geologists working for Standard Oil of California in partnership with Saudi officials. Through his advisers St. John Philby and Ameen Rihani, he granted substantial authority over Saudi oil fields to American oil companies in 1944, much to the dismay of the British who had invested heavily in the House of Saud's rise to power in hopes of open access to any oil reserves that were to be surveyed. Beginning in 1915, Ibn Saud signed the "friendship and cooperation" pact with Britain to keep his militia in line and cease any further attacks against their protectorates for whom they were responsible. Not only did the British pay a generous monthly allowance for his cooperation, in 1935 he was knighted into the Order of the Bath.
His new found oil wealth brought with it a great deal of power and influence that, naturally, Ibn Saud would use to advantage in the Hijaz. He forced many nomadic tribes to settle down and abandon "petty wars" and vendettas. He also began widespread enforcement of new kingdom's ideology, based on the teachings of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab. This included an end to traditionally sanctioned rites of pilgrimage, recognized by the orthodox schools of jurisprudence, but at odds with those sanctioned by Abd al Wahhab. In 1926, after a caravan of Egyptians on the way to Mecca were beaten for playing bugles by his forces, he was impelled to issue conciliatory statement to the Egyptian government. In fact, several such statements were issued to Muslim government around the world as a result of beatings suffered by the pilgrims visiting the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.[citation needed] With the uprising of and subsequent decimation thereafter of the Ikhwan in 1929, via British air power, the 1930s marked a turning point. With his rivals eliminated, Ibn Saud's ideology was in full force, ending nearly 1400 years of accepted religious practices surrounding the Hajj, the majority of which were sanctioned by a millennia of scholarship.

[edit] Foreign wars

Ibn Saud was able to gain loyalty from tribes even nearby Saudi Arabia, tribes such as those in Jordan. For example, he built very strong ties with Prince Sheikh Rashed Al- Khuzai from Al Fraihat tribe, one of the most influential and royal roots family during the Ottomans Empire. Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai and his tribe had dominated eastern Jordan before the arrival of Sharif Hussein.[8] Ibn Saud supported Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai and his followers in rebellion against the Hussein.[9][10]
Prince Rashed supported Izz ad-Din al-Qassam's Palestinian revolution in 1935 which led him and his followers in rebellion against King Abdullah of Jordan. And later at 1937, when they were forced to leave Jordan, Prince Rashed Al Khuzai, his family, and a group of his followers chose to move to Saudi Arabia, where Prince Al Khuzai was living for several years in the hospitality of King Abdul-Aziz Al Saud.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
He positioned Saudi Arabia as neutral in World War II, but was generally considered to favor the Allies.[16] However, in 1938, when an attack on a main British pipeline in the Kingdom of Iraq was found to be connected to the German Ambassador, Dr. Fritz Grobba, Ibn Saud provided Grobba with refuge.[17] It was reported that he had been "on the outs"[clarification needed] with the British since 1937.[18]
In 1948, he participated in the Arab-Israeli War. Saudi Arabia's contribution was generally considered token.[16]

[edit] Later years

While the members of the royal family wanted heavenly gardens, splendid cars, and concrete palaces, Abd Al-Aziz wanted a royal railway from the Persian Gulf to Riyadh and then an extension to Jeddah. The shrine was regarded by all of the advisers living in the country as an old man's folly. Eventually, ARAMCO built the railway, which costs $70 million, drawn from the King's oil royalties. It was completed in 1951 and was used commercially after the king's death, enabling Riyadh to grow into a relatively modern city. But when a paved road was built in 1962, the railway lost its traffic.[19]

[edit] Family

Main article: House of Saud

Further information: Line of Succession to Saudi Arabian throne





King Ibn Saud converses with President Franklin D. Roosevelt (right) through translator Colonel Bill Eddy, on board the USS Quincy, after the Yalta Conference. Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy (left) watches.

The number of children that Ibn Saud fathered is unknown. One source indicates that he had 37 sons. His number of wives is put at 22.[20]

Princess Wadha bint Muhammad Al-Hazzam
Turki (I) (1900–1919)
Saud (12 January 1902 – 23 February 1969); reigned 1953–1964
Nura
Munira
Princess Tarfah bint Abdullah Al-AlSheikh
Khaled (I) (born 1903, died in infancy)
Faisal (April 1906 – 25 March 1975); reigned 1964–1975
Saad (I) (1914–1919)
Anud (born 1917)
Princess Lulua bint Salih Al-Dakhil
Fahd (I) (1905–1919)
Princess Jauhara bint Musaid Al Saud
Muhammad (1910–1988)
Khalid (II) (1913 – 13 June 1982); reigned 1975–1982
Princess Lajah bint Khalid bin Hithlayn
Sara (1916 – June 2000)
Princess Bazza I
Nasser (1919–1984)
Princess Jawhara bint Saad bin Abdul-Muhsin al-Sudairi
Saad (II) (1920–1993)
Musa'id (born 1923)
Abdul-Mohsin (1925–1985)
Al-Bandari (1928–2008)[21]
Princess Hassa bint Ahmad al-Sudairi
(The sons are known as the "Sudairi Seven")
Fahd (II) (1920 – 1 August 2005); reigned 1982–2005
Sultan (1928–2011)
Luluwah (ca 1928–2008)[22]
Abdul-Rahman (born 1931)
Naif (born 1933); current crown prince
Turki (II) (born 1934)
Salman (born 1936)
Ahmed (born 1942)
Jawaher
Lateefa
Al-Jawhara
Moudhi (died young)
Felwa (died young)
Princess Shahida
Mansur (1922 – 2 May 1951)
Mishaal (born 1926)
Qumasha (born 1927)
Mutaib (born 1931)
Princess Fahda
Abdullah (born August 1922); current king, since 2005
Nuf
Seeta (c. 1930 – 13 April 2011)
Princess Bazza (the second wife named Bazza)
Bandar (born 1923)
Fawwaz (1934–2008)
Mishari (1932 – 23 May 2000)
Princess Haya bint Sa'ad al-Sudairy (1913 – 18 April 2003)
Badr (I) (1931–1932)
Badr (II) (born 1933)
Huzza (1951 – July 2000)
Abdul-Ilah (born 1935)
Abdul-Majeed (1943–2007)
Nura (born 1930)
Mishail
Princess Munaiyir (died December 1991, funeral prayer led by King Fahd[23])
Talal (I) (1930–1931)
Talal (II) (born 1932)[23]
Nawwaf (born 1933)[23]
Madawi[23]
Princess Mudhi
Sultana (ca. 1928 – 7 July 2008)[24]
Haya (ca. 1929 – 2 November 2009)[25]
Majid (II) (9 October 1938 – 12 April 2003)
Sattam (born 21 January 1941)
Princess Nouf bint al-Shalan
Thamir (1937 – 27 June 1959)
Mamduh (born 1941)
Mashhur (born 1942)
Princess Saida al-Yamaniyah
Hidhlul (born 1941)
Princess Khadra
Princess Baraka al-Yamaniyah
Muqrin (born 15 September 1945)
Princess Futayma
Hamoud (1947–1994)
By Unknown
Shaikha (born 1922)
Majed (I) (1934–1940)
Abdul-Saleem (1941–1942)
Jiluwi (I) (1942–1944)
Jiluwi (II) (1952–1952) Was the youngest son of Ibn Saud but died as an infant.


[edit] Relations with family members

Abdulaziz, was very close his aunt, al-Johara bint Faysal. She was a key motivator and encouraged him to return back to the Najd from Kuwait and take back the land of his family. She was well educated in Islam and was among the king’s most trusted advisors. He asked her about the experiences of past rulers and the historical allegiance and role of tribes and individuals. Al-Johara was also deeply respected by the king’s children. Abdulaziz used to visit her daily until she died around 1930.[26]

Abdulaziz was also very close to Nora, his elder sister. On several occasions, he identified himself in public by proclaiming: “I am the brother of Nora.” She became one of his main advisors and even took his place in running the state when he was unable to do so. People went to her when the king was angry, because they knew that she was the only one able to penetrate the king’s heart and mind. She was known to be quite progressive and outspoken. When the telephone was first introduced to the country, many Islamic purists thought it was a tool of the devil, but she supported its installation and advised that it was an amazing device that they would not be able to live without. She also played a key role in teaching young royals the system of social norms, which creates a psychological and social base for unity and a central role in raising the king’s sons; whenever one of them misbehaved as a child, he would send them to their aunt for discipline. [27]

[edit] Views

In regard to essential values for the state and people he said that 'Two things are essential to our State and our people ... religion and the rights inherited from our fathers.'[28]
His last words to his two sons, the future king Saud and the next in line Prince Faisal, who were already battling each other, were: 'You are brothers, unite!'[29]
Briefly before his death, King Abdulaziz stated "Verily, my children and my possessions are my enemies."[30]

[edit] Notes

1. ^ His birthday has been a source of debate. It is generally accepted as 1876, although a few sources give it as 1880. According to British author Robert Lacey's book The Kingdom, a leading Saudi historian found records that show Abdul-Aziz in 1891 greeting an important tribal delegation. The historian reasoned that a nine or ten-year-old child (as given by the 1880 birth date) would have been too young to be allowed to greet such a delegation, while an adolescent of 14 or 15 (as given by the 1876 date) would likely have been allowed. When Lacey interviewed one of Abdul-Aziz's sons[which?] prior to writing the book, the son recalled that his father often laughed at records showing his birth date to be 1880. Abdul-Aziz's response to such records was reportedly that "I swallowed four years of my life."[page needed]

2. ^ Current Biography 1943, pp330–34

3. ^ Ibn Saud, meaning son of Saud (see Arabic name), was a sort of title borne by previous heads of the House of Saud, similar to a Scottish clan chief's title of "theMacGregor" or "the MacDougall". When used without comment it refers solely to Abdul-Aziz, although prior to the capture of Riyadh in 1902 it referred to his father, Abdul Rahman (Lacey 1982, pp. 15, 65). Al Saud has a similar meaning (family of Saud) and may be used at the end of the full name, while Ibn Saud should sometimes be used alone.[citation needed]

4. ^ Ochsenwald, William (2004). The Middle East: A History. McGraw Hill. pp. 697. ISBN 0-07-244233-6.

5. ^ Wilson, Robert, and Zahra Freeth. The Arab of the Desert. London: Allen & Unwin, 1983. 312–13. Print.

6. ^ Wilkinson, John C. Arabia's Frontiers: the Story of Britain's Boundary Drawing in the Desert. London [u.a.: Tauris, 1993. 133–39. Print

7. ^ Yamani, Mai (2009). "From fragility to stability: a survival strategy for the Saudi monarchy". Contemporary Arab Affairs 2 (1): 90-105. doi:10.1080/17550910802576114.

8. ^ http://ping.fm/eoUyo

9. ^ a b http://ping.fm/qHDn6

10. ^ a b المجلة المصرية نون. "المجلة المصرية نون – سيرة حياة الأمير المناضل راشد الخزاعي". Noonptm.com. http://ping.fm/xUibD Retrieved 25 October 2011.

11. ^ "موقع الثورة الإخباري". Althawra1965.com. http://ping.fm/66C5b Retrieved 25 October 2011.

12. ^ "File:A historical document that was issued at 28th of March 28, 1938 which proved the political asylum of Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai, and followers at 1937 to King Abdul-Aziz Al Saud and shows the start of Ajloun revolution.JPEG – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. http://ping.fm/qMRti Retrieved 25 October 2011.

13. ^ "الشيخ عز الدين القسام أمير المجاهدين الفلسطينيين – (ANN)". Anntv.tv. 19 November 1935. http://ping.fm/cxxXV Retrieved 25 October 2011.

14. ^ "جريدة الرأي | راشد الخزاعي.. من رجالات الوطن ومناضلي الأمة". Alrai.com. http://ping.fm/Mesgr Retrieved 25 October 2011.

15. ^ "مركز الشرق العربي ـ برق الشرق". Asharqalarabi.org.uk. http://ping.fm/pi6d3 Retrieved 25 October 2011.

16. ^ a b A Country Study: Saudi Arabia. Library of Congress Call Number DS204 .S3115 1993. Chapter 5. World War II and Its Aftermath

17. ^ Time Magazine, 26 May 1941

18. ^ Time Magazine, 3 July 1939

19. ^ Nehme, Michel G. (1994). "Saudi Arabia 1950-80: Between Nationalism and Religion". Middle Eastern Studies, 30 (4): 930-943. http://ping.fm/6AOfC Retrieved April 11, 2012.

20. ^ http://ping.fm/hcyK7

21. ^ "Princess Al-Bandari passes away in Riyadh". Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington D.C.. 8 March 2008. http://ping.fm/A1Jhk Retrieved 7 April 2008. [dead link]

22. ^ "Princess Luluwah bint Abdulaziz passed away". http://ping.fm/SkHg7 Retrieved 2008.

23. ^ a b c d Sabri, Sharaf. The House of Saud in Commerce: a Study of Royal Entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia. New Delhi: I.S. Publications, 2001. Print.

24. ^ "Death of Princess Sultanah". http://ping.fm/tSbLY Retrieved 18 July 2008.

25. ^ . http://ping.fm/t07q4 Retrieved 8 November 2009.

26. ^ Stenslie, Stig (2011). "Power Behind the Veil: Princesses of House of Saud". Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea 1 (1): 69-79.http://ping.fm/YNuno Retrieved April 15, 2012.

27. ^ Stenslie, Stig (2011). "Power Behind the Veil: Princesses of House of Saud". Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea 1 (1): 69-79.http://ping.fm/rNf1V Retrieved April 15, 2012.

28. ^ Nevo, Joseph (1998). "Religion and National Identity in Saudi Arabia". Middle Eastern Studies, 34 (3): 34-53. http://ping.fm/qJ6YQ Retrieved April 5, 2012.

29. ^ Yamani, Mai (2009). "From fragility to stability: a survival strategy for the Saudi monarchy". Contemporary Arab Affairs 2 (1): 90-105. doi:10.1080/17550910802576114.

30. ^ Hertog, Steffen (2007). "SH APING THE SAUDI STATE: HUMAN AGENCY ’S SHIFT ING ROLE IN RENTIER -STATE FORMATION". Int. J. Middle East Stud. 39: 539-563.doi:10.1017/S0020743807071073.

[edit] References

King Abdulaziz bin Saud (Ibn Saud) website
Michael Oren, "Power, Faith and Fantasy: The United States in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present" (Norton, 2007).
[1] The Saudi Historian Net – Archive Home of King Abdul-Aziz Al Saud, founder of the Kingdom.
[2] The Saudi Historian Net – The historical strong ties between King Abdul-Aziz Al Saud, founder of the Kingdom and Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai, ruler of Ajloun Emirate.
[3] The Egyptian Magazine "Noon", Cairo- Egypt – History of Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai with King Abdul Aziz Al Saud, an article that was published by the American Writer Mr. Muneer Husainy & the Saudi Historian Mr. Khalid Al-Sudairy.This article was published at 27 November 2009.
[4] Arab News Network, London – United Kingdom – The political relationship between Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai, Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, and Saudi Arabia.
[5] The Arab Orient Center for Strategic and civilization studies London, United Kingdom- The political relationship between Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai and Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam.
DeGaury, Gerald.
DeNovo, John A. American Interests and Policies in the Middle East 1900–1939 University of Minnesota Press, 1963.
Eddy, William A. FDR Meets Ibn Saud. New York: American Friends of the Middle East, Inc., 1954.
Iqbal, Dr. Sheikh Mohammad. Emergence of Saudi Arabia (A Political Study of Malik Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud 1901–1953). Srinagar, Kashmir: Saudiyah Publishers, 1977.
Lacey, Robert (1982). The Kingdom. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-147260-2.
Long, David. Saudi Arabia Sage Publications, 1976.
Miller, Aaron David. Search for Security: Saudi Arabian Oil and American Foreign Policy, 1939–1949. University of North Carolina Press, 1980.
File:A historical document that was issued at 28 March 28, 1938 which proved the political asylum of Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai, and followers at 1937 to King Abdul-Aziz Al Saud and shows the start of Ajloun revolution.JPEGAlsabah- Formal Egyption magazine, Rashed Al Khuzai article .. published in Cairo at 29 March 1938.
[6] Alrai- Formal Jordanian news paper, Rashed Al Khuzai .. Home of the men and militants in the nation issued at 27 July 2009.
[7] Althawra News-The Official Website of the Palestinian National Authority (Fath Movement) – Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam and Prince Rashed Al Khuzai role in the Palestinian revolution at 1935 – All rights reserved for Althawra1965.com.
Nicosia, Francis R. (1985). The Third Reich and the Palestine Question. London: I. B. Taurus & Co. Ltd.. p. 190. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/1-85041-010-1|1-85041-010-1]].
James Parry, A Man for our Century, Saudi Aramco World, January/February 1999, p4–11
Philby, H. St. J. B. Saudi Arabia 1955.
Rentz, George. "Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia". in Derek Hopwood, ed., The Arabian Peninsula: Society and Politics 1972.
Rihani, Ameen. Ibn Sa'oud of Arabia. Boston: Houghton–Mifflin Company, 1928.
Sanger, Richard H. The Arabian Peninsula Cornell University Press, 1954.
Benjamin Shwadran, The Middle East, Oil and the Great Powers, 3rd ed. (1973)
Troeller, Gary. The Birth of Saudi Arabia:Britain and the Rise of the House of Sa'ud. London: Frank Cass, 1976.
Twitchell, Karl S. Saudi Arabia Princeton University Press, 1958.
Van der D. Meulen; The Wells of Ibn Saud. London: John Murray, 1957.
Weston, Mark, "Prophets and Princes - Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present", Wiley, 2008
Directories

SAMIRAD website – Saudi Arabia Market Information and Directory directory category


Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia

[edit] External links

"Semitic Friends.". Time Magazine. 3 July 1939. http://ping.fm/3hy5T Retrieved 29 July 2009.
"The Battle Joins.". Time Magazine. 26 May 1941. http://ping.fm/npKlG Retrieved 25 July 2009.
Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia

House of Saud

Born: 1876 Died: 1953

Regnal titles

Preceded by
First ruler

Emir of Riyadh
1902–1921

Succeeded by
Himself as Sultan of Nejd

Preceded by
Himself as Emir of Riyadh

Sultan of Nejd
1921–1926

Succeeded by
Himself as King of Nejd

Preceded by
Himself as Sultan of Nejd

King of Nejd
1926–1932

Succeeded by
Himself as King of Saudi Arabia

Preceded by
Ali bin Hussein

King of Hejaz
1926–1932

Preceded by
Himself as King of Hejaz and King of Nejd

King of Saudi Arabia
1932–1953

Succeeded by
Saud bin Abdul-Aziz

Preceded by
Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud

Head of the House of Saud
1901–1953



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[show]

v
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Arab–Israeli conflict

[show]

v
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Participants in the Arab–Israeli conflict

Governments

All-Palestine
Egypt
Gaza
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Lebanon
Palestinian National Authority
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Active organizations

Abu Nidal Organization
Amal
al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
Syrian Social Nationalist Party
Arab League
Arab Liberation Front
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Fatah
Guardians of the Cedars
Hamas
Hezbollah
Jaish al-Islam
Kataeb
Lebanese Forces
al-Mourabitoun
Muslim Brotherhood
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Palestine Liberation Front
Palestine Liberation Organization
Palestinian Popular Struggle Front
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command
Popular Resistance Committees
as-Saiqa
Formerly active organizations

Arab Higher Committee
Arab Liberation Army
Black Hand
Black September
Haganah
Holy War Army
Irgun (Etzel)
Japanese Red Army
Lehi
Palmach
Revolutionary Cells
South Lebanon Army
Other governments

Algeria
China
Cuba
France
Iran
Kuwait
Libya
Morocco
North Korea
Norway
Pakistan
Russia
Sudan
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Venezuela
Yemen
Other organizations

European Union
United Nations
Former states

British Mandate of Palestine
Soviet Union
United Arab Republic
[show]

v
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People involved in the Arab–Israeli conflict

Lester B. Pearson
Abd al-Hakim Amer
Hosni Mubarak
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Anwar Sadat
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Ali Khamenei
Ruhollah Khomeini
Faisal I
Saddam Hussein
Ehud Barak
Menachem Begin
David Ben-Gurion
Moshe Dayan
Levi Eshkol
Golda Meir
Benjamin Netanyahu
Ehud Olmert
Shimon Peres
Yitzhak Rabin
Yitzhak Shamir
Ariel Sharon
Chaim Weizmann
King Abdullah I
King Abdullah II
King Hussein
Emile Lahoud
Hassan Nasrallah
Fouad Siniora
Recep Tayyip Erdogan
Mona Juul
Johan Jørgen Holst
Terje Rød-Larsen
Mahmoud Abbas
Yasser Arafat
Marwan Barghouti
George Habash
Ismail Haniya
Amin al-Husayni
Khaled Mashal
Abdel-Aziz al-Rantissi
Ahmed Shukeiri
Ahmed Yassin
King Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud)
King Abdullah
King Fahd
King Faisal
Folke Bernadotte
Hafez al-Assad
Bashar al-Assad
Shukri al-Quwatli
Salah Jadid
Ernest Bevin
Arthur Balfour
Tony Blair
Richard Crossman
Madeleine Albright
Ralph Bunche
George H. W. Bush
George W. Bush
Jimmy Carter
Bill Clinton
Henry Kissinger
Ronald Reagan
Condoleezza Rice
Dennis Ross
Ramadan Shallah
Harry S. Truman
Cyrus R. Vance
[show]

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Arab–Israeli armed engagements

Before 1947

1920 Battle of Tel Hai
1936–1939 Arab revolt
1944 ATLAS
1947–1949

1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
1948–1949 Arab–Israeli War
1950s

1950s terrorism against Israel
Fedayeen
Retribution operations
1953 Qibya massacre
1956 Suez Crisis
1960s

1966 Samu incident
1967 Six-Day War
1967–1970 War of Attrition
1968 Battle of Karameh
1968 Operation Gift
1970s

1970 Shelling on Lebanon
1972 Sabena Flight 571 (Operation Isotope)
1972 Lod Airport massacre
1972 Operation Crate 3
1972 Munich Olympics massacre
1972–1979 Operation Wrath of God (Airstrike, Spring of Youth)
1973 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114
1973 Yom Kippur War
1974 Ma'alot massacre
1974 Airstrike on Lebanon
1975 Savoy Operation
1976 Operation Entebbe
1978 Coastal Road massacre
1978 Operation Litani
1980s

1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis
1981 Operation Opera
1982 Damour Airstrike
1982 Lebanon War
1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict
1984 Kav 300 affair
1985 PLO ships bombing
1985 Operation Wooden Leg
1987–1993 First Intifada
1988 Mothers' Bus rescue
1988 Tunis raid
1990s

1992 Operation Bramble Bush
1993–2008 List of Palestinian suicide attacks
1993 Operation Accountability
1994 Airstrike on Lebanon
1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath
2000s

2000–2005 Al-Aqsa Intifada (Second Intifada)
2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict
2001–present Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel (2001–2006, 2007, 2008,Gaza War, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012)
2002 Operation Defensive Shield (Jenin, Nablus, Bethlehem)
2002 Operation Determined Path
2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike
2004 Israel–Gaza conflict (Operation Rainbow, Operation Days of Penitence)
2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods
2006 Israel–Gaza conflict (Operation Autumn Clouds)
2006 Lebanon War
2007–present Lebanese rockets
2007–2008 Israel–Gaza conflict (Operation Hot Winter)
2007 Operation Orchard
2008–2009 Gaza War (Operation Cast Lead)
2010s

2010 Adaisseh skirmish
2010 Palestinian militancy campaign
2011 Southern Israel cross-border attacks
2012 Gaza-Israel clashes
[show]

v
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Diplomacy and peace proposals in the Arab–Israeli conflict

1914 Damascus Protocol
1915 McMahon–Hussein Correspondence
1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement
1917 Balfour Declaration
1918 Declaration to the Seven
1918 Anglo-French Declaration
1919 Faisal–Weizmann Agreement
1920 San Remo conference
1922 Churchill White Paper
1939 White Paper
1947 UN Partition Plan
1948 American trusteeship proposal for Palestine
1948 Establishment of Israel
1948 UNGA Resolution 194
1949 Armistice Agreements
1949 Lausanne Conference
1964 Palestinian National Covenant
1967 Khartoum Resolution
1967 UNSC Resolution 242
1973 UNSC Resolution 338
1973 UNSC Resolution 339
1974 UNSC Resolution 350
1978 UNSC Resolution 425
1978 Camp David Accords
1979 UNSC Resolution 446
1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty
1979 UNSC Resolution 452
1980 UNSC Resolution 478
1981 UNSC Resolution 497
1983 Israel-Lebanon agreement
1991 Madrid Conference
1993 Oslo Accords
1994 Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace
1998 Wye River Memorandum
2000 Camp David Summit
2000 Clinton's Parameters
2001 Taba Summit
2001 UNSC Resolution 1373
2002 Beirut Summit and Peace Initiative
2002 Road map for peace
2003 Geneva Accord
2004 UNSC Resolution 1559
2004 UNSC Resolution 1566
2005 UNSC Resolution 1583
2005 Sharm el-Sheikh Summit
2005 Israel's unilateral disengagement plan
2006 Palestinian Prisoners' Document
2006 UNSC Resolution 1701
2007 Annapolis Conference
2010 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks


Persondata

Name

Arabia, Ibn Saud Of Saudi

Alternative names

Short description

Date of birth

15 January 1876

Place of birth

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Date of death

9 November 1953

Place of death

Saudi Arabia

Retrieved from "http://ping.fm/bOmv1"

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Categories:

· 1876 births

· 1953 deaths

· Arab politicians

· Arabs of the Ottoman Empire

· Kings of Saudi Arabia

· World War II political leaders

· House of Saud

· Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire

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K A Rahiman
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